Fed Minutes set to provide some insight into the timing of next rate hikes

The Fed Minutes are expected to shed some light on the extent and the timing of the monetary tightening cycle.
Lower-than-expected price pressure and disappointing employment data have curbed hopes of back-to-back rate hikes.
Futures market prices in a 20% chance of a rate hike in October and an 80% chance of at least one hike before year-end.

The United States (US) Federal Reserve (Fed) will release the Minutes of September’s Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting on Wednesday. Investors are eager for some details that shed light on the extent and the timing of the central bank´s tightening cycle after approving the first interest rate hike in three years in September.

The FOMC met expectations and raised the fed funds rate by 25 basis points to the 3.75%-4.00% range in September in a unanimous decision. Chair Kevin Warsh surprised with unequivocally hawkish rhetoric, considering his natural reluctance to give excessive forward guidance. This reaffirmed investors’ confidence in the bank’s independence and sent the US Dollar rallying across the board.

Warsh stated that inflation has been “too high for too long” in the press conference following the decision. The monetary policy statement endorsed that view and reaffirmed the committee’s commitment to deliver price stability and pursue a monetary policy to “support a timelier return to the Committee’s 2% target.”

The statement also highlighted the strength of the US labour market, which boosted expectations of back-to-back rate hikes. Data released last week, however, has tempered those hopes, and investors will be analysing the Minutes to confirm a rate hike in December after practically discarding a tightening move later this month.

Inflation and labour data have dampened hopes of an October rate hike

US Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Prices Index revealed that inflation remained steady in August, providing some leeway for the bank to take some time to better assess the impact of September’s rate hike before tightening monetary policy further. Beyond that, September’s Nonfarm Payrolls data has raised some doubts about the strength of the labour market altogether, strengthening the case for a pause at the next meeting.

Economic activity, however, remains solid. The US ISM Services Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) Index slowed down but remains at levels consistent with a strong expansion of business activity, reflecting strong demand and an improvement in employment. Data by GDPNow estimates that the US economy accelerated to 3.7% annual growth in the third quarter from the 2.2% increase seen in the previous quarter, providing an ideal scenario for a tightening cycle.

The question, thus, is on the timing, especially after mixed messages by Fed officials. Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee affirmed last week that inflation outweighs labour market concerns at this moment, and Dallas Fed President Lorie Logan stated that more rate hikes will be needed to bring inflation to target. The central bank’s Vice Chair for Supervision, Michelle Bowman, on the other hand, said that there is not an urgent need for further rate hikes this year, and New York Fed President John Williams supported that idea.

Analysts at ING describe the latest data as slightly hawkish “but not enough to materially alter the Fed narrative.” In their view, “markets are likely to remain comfortable with an October hold provided September core CPI (released on 14 October) prints at 0.2% MoM, which is where consensus is converging.” ING reiterates that “a hike in December remains the base case,” keeping risks for the Dollar (USD) skewed to the upside.

When will FOMC Minutes be released, and how could they affect the US Dollar?

The FOMC will release the Minutes of its September 15-16 monetary policy meeting on Wednesday at 18:00 GMT.

The bank hiked interest rates by a quarter point and hinted at further rate hikes ahead, but recent data has dampened hopes of back-to-back rate hikes. Data from the CME’s FedWatch Tool shows a 78% chance that the bank will leave rates unchanged later this month, up from 50% last week. Hopes of some hike before the year-end, however, remain practically unchanged around an 85% chance.

Fed tightening hopes, combined with the US economic exceptionalism, concerns about high Oil prices that are weighing on most of the US Dollar’s rival currencies and, above all, a bond rout that has put the focus on the Euro Area, have propelled the US Dollar since early September. The US Dollar Index (DXY), which measures the value of the US Dollar against six majors, has rallied about 3.4% over the last four weeks to hit 18-month highs at 102.50.

Within this framework, the market expects the September Minutes to confirm that inflation remains front and center in the bank’s monetary policy plans, which would add to the case for a December hike.

The impact on the US Dollar, however, is likely to be limited as the report predates last week’s Personal Consumption Expenditures (Prices Index) and Nonfarm Payrolls reports. In that sense, next week’s US Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer Price Index (PPI) releases might have a higher impact, as they may set the outcome of the next meeting.

The daily chart shows the US Dollar Index (DXY) in a steady upward channel from early September lows, although the overbought Relative Strength Index (RSI) suggests that a consolidation or even some pullback should be considered. The Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) remains at positive levels, which suggests that dips are likely to find buyers.

DXY bulls have met resistance at the 127.7% Fibonacci retracement of the July-August bearish cycle in the 102.50 area. Further up, a previous support-turned-resistance at the 103.20 area (March 2025 lows) is likely to offer some resistance ahead of the 161.8% Fibonacci resistance of the mentioned cycle, at the 103.60 area.

Downside attempts so far are contained above previous year-to-date highs near the 101.80 area. A bearish reaction below that level would bring the September 25 low, at the 100.90 area, into focus, ahead of the psychological 100 level.

Interest rates FAQs

Interest rates are charged by financial institutions on loans to borrowers and are paid as interest to savers and depositors. They are influenced by base lending rates, which are set by central banks in response to changes in the economy. Central banks normally have a mandate to ensure price stability, which in most cases means targeting a core inflation rate of around 2%. If inflation falls below target the central bank may cut base lending rates, with a view to stimulating lending and boosting the economy. If inflation rises substantially above 2% it normally results in the central bank raising base lending rates in an attempt to lower inflation.

Higher interest rates generally help strengthen a country’s currency as they make it a more attractive place for global investors to park their money.

Higher interest rates overall weigh on the price of Gold because they increase the opportunity cost of holding Gold instead of investing in an interest-bearing asset or placing cash in the bank. If interest rates are high that usually pushes up the price of the US Dollar (USD), and since Gold is priced in Dollars, this has the effect of lowering the price of Gold.

The Fed funds rate is the overnight rate at which US banks lend to each other. It is the oft-quoted headline rate set by the Federal Reserve at its FOMC meetings. It is set as a range, for example 4.75%-5.00%, though the upper limit (in that case 5.00%) is the quoted figure. Market expectations for future Fed funds rate are tracked by the CME FedWatch tool, which shapes how many financial markets behave in anticipation of future Federal Reserve monetary policy decisions.

Economic Indicator

Core Personal Consumption Expenditures - Price Index (YoY)

The Core Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE), released by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis on a monthly basis, measures the changes in the prices of goods and services purchased by consumers in the United States (US). The PCE Price Index is also the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) preferred gauge of inflation. The YoY reading compares the prices of goods in the reference month to the same month a year earlier. The core reading excludes the so-called more volatile food and energy components to give a more accurate measurement of price pressures." Generally, a high reading is bullish for the US Dollar (USD), while a low reading is bearish.